Thanks for your answers.
mweal I took a look at my USB adapter and the ID pin is indeed not grounded.
So I'll give that a try tomorrow and will report back.
And I already took a look at David_J_Hunt project. He doesn't describe to way he connected the camera via USB.
But I also couldn't get his way of powering the Edison to work. He applied 5V at an input which is suppose to work with 7-12V.